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Atomic Structure mock test

on July 05, 2025

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Atomic Structure Mock Test

NCERT question answer

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Acids and Bases
Atomic Structure
Chemical bonds
Chemical Kinetics
Electronic effects
Friction story
Ideal Gas
Inorganic Chemistry
Interdisciplinary
Intermolecular Forces

Natural compounds
NCERT
Organic Chemistry
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Radioactivity
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Thermodynamics

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Concept of 'Work' in Thermodynamics

The concepts of heat and work are of fundamental importance in thermodynamics. Work and heat are algebraic quantities and can be positive or negative. They appear only during a change in the state of the system and appear only at the boundary of the system. They are manifestations of energy. Work Work is a basic mode of energy transfer. An object is displaced through a distance dx against a force F(x) then the amount of work which has to be done is defined as W = -F(x)dx In SI System of units, work is expressed in joule or kilojoule; 1J = 1 Nm. When work is done on the system W and when work is done by the system W is negative. There are many types of work and all of them could be expressed as the product of two factors; (i) intensity, and (ii) capacity. Some of these types are: Gravitational work: Gravitational work is said to be done when a body is raised through a certain height against the gravitational field. If a body of mass m is raised through a height h agai...

Hyperconjugation effect

Most of the delocalisation effects involve π electrons. There are only a few examples where conjugation involves σ electrons. This type of conjugation may be called extended conjugation. When a carbon containing at least one hydrogen is attached to a π bond, the σ electrons of the C-H bond become involved in delocalisation with the π electrons of the unsaturated system, i.e., this is a σ-π conjugation. This special type of conjugation is known as hyperconjugation. The prefix, hyper- of the title means excessive. Therefore, the excessive, i.e., extended conjugation involving σ orbitals generally of C-H and C-X(X = F, Cl) or C-C bond, is called hyperconjugation. Hyperconjugation also includes σ-p (partially filled or vacant) type of orbital overlapping. According to molecular orbital theory, an extended orbital is the result of such kind of σ-π or σ-p overlaps. Thus in propene, delocalisation occurs between C=C π M.O. and C-H σ M.O.s of the carbon atom to the double bon...

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Atomic Structure mock test

Atomic Structure Mock Test

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